IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY
Studying has two parts: learning and remembering. Learning is pinpointing the facts and ideas and understanding them; remembering is putting them into long-term storage in your head. For high test grades, you need to do both.
Remembering happens in two ways: by rote and by association. Rote memory is when you repeat something over and over again; associative memory is when you tie two things together in your mind. Associative memory is much more reliable than rote, so it is important to use it as much as possible.
Effective memorization relies on two factors:
(1) how well you can integrate new information into your prior knowledge and
(2) how often you rehearse or practice that information.
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Organizing the material not only helps you understand the material, but it helps you recall facts, ideas, events, and logical arguments. If you have a really good memory, you will forget at least one-fourth of what you learn by the end of the day you learn it. Since you will not be able to remember everything, your first job is selection—deciding what is important and what is not.
20 MEMORY TECHNIQUES
Experiment with these techniques to make a flexible, custom-made memory system that fits your style of learning. The 20 techniques are divided into four categories, each of which represents a general principle for improving memory:
1. Organize it. Organized information is easier to find.
2. Use your body . Learning is an active process; get all your senses involved.
3. Use your brain. Work with your memory, not against it.
4. Recall it . This is easier when you use the other principles to store information.
Organize It
1. Learn from the general to the specific. At the beginning of a course or before beginning a reading assignment, skim the material first for the general idea. Sometimes if you step back to look at the big picture, the details make more sense.
2. Make it meaningful . Know what you want from your education, then look for connections between what you want and what you are studying.
3. Create associations. The data already stored in your memory is arranged according to a scheme that makes sense to you. When you introduce new data, you can recall it more effectively if you store it near similar or related data.
Use Your Body
4. Learn it once, actively. Action is a great memory enhancement; boredom puts memory to sleep. Wake it up by using your arms and legs as well as your eyes, ears, and voice. When you sit at your desk, sit up; sit on the edge of your chair; try standing up when you study; pace back and forth and gesture as you recite material out loud; use your hands.
5. Relax. When you are relaxed, you absorb new information more quickly and recall it with greater accuracy. Being relaxed is not the same as being drowsy; it is a state of alertness, free of tension. You can be active and relaxed.
6.
Create pictures. Visual information is associated with a different part of the brain than verbal information, so creating a picture of a concept anchors the information in two parts of your brain, increasing your chances of recalling that information. Draw diagrams. Make cartoons. Relationships within and among abstract concepts can be "seen" and recalled easily when they are visualized.
7. Recite and repeat. Recitation works best when you recite concepts in your own words. When you repeat something out loud, you anchor the concept in two different senses. Reciting silently (in your head) can be useful, but is not as effective as making noise.
Your mind can trick itself into thinking it knows something when it doesn't; your ears are harder to fool. Students who recited aloud retained 80 percent of the material they studied; students who read the same material for the same amount of time without reciting it retained only 20 percent.
To get sound working for you, talk over your coursework with a friend. When you read a chapter, summarize its parts, bit by bit, out loud as you go along. Explain it to yourself. Repetition is also important. It is the most common memory device because it works. Repeat a concept out loud until you know it, then say it five more times.
8. Write it down. Our muscles have better memories than our heads. Note-taking is a muscle activity. That is why the act of taking notes--even if you never look at them again--will get you higher marks on a test than just listening. Extend this technique by writing a note not just once, but many times. Writing uses different memory than speaking. Writing is physical, using your arm, your hand, and your fingers. You remember what you do.
The smartest students keep compressing their notes into smaller and smaller size. As they understand relationships between one week's work and the next, they consolidate and organize.
Once a week, consolidate that week's notes. Once a month, squeeze the four weeks' notes into one or two pages of clue words and patterns. Before each big exam, do a final organization and consolidation. Make sure your notes are completely accurate. Check facts carefully between one set of notes and the next.
Combine see and say techniques by telling yourself the visual image you have created to remember a particular fact or idea. Then combine auditory and visual memory with muscle memory: as you write, say the words aloud.
Use Your Brain
9. Reduce interference. Two hours of studying in front of the television might be worth ten minutes of studying where it is quiet. If you have two hours and want to study and watch television, it is probably better to study for an hour and watch television for an hour. Doing one at a time increases your ability to remember.
10. Use daylight. Study your most difficult subjects during daylight hours. Most people can concentrate more effectively during the day.
11. Over learn. Learn more than you intended. Pick a subject apart, examine it, add to it, and go over it until it becomes second nature. The potential rewards are speed, accuracy, and greater confidence at exam time.
12. Escape the short-term memory trap. Short-term memory rarely lasts more than several hours. A short review within minutes or hours of a study session can move material from short term memory into long-term memory. A quick mini-review can save you hours of study time when exams roll around.
Use your notes to test yourself on your memory of the material. One way to make this practice testing more like a real test is to take notes on your notes. These "mini" notes should consist of key words or phrases that will later serve as cues to remind you of whole topics. If you can recall the information with just a key word or two as a reminder, then you have learned the material well enough to be able to use it on an essay exam, for short answer questions, and in conversation.
13. Distribute learning. Marathon study sessions are not effective. You can get far more done in three 2-hour sessions than in one 6-hour session. You can get more done if you take regular breaks.
Two kinds of study situations are exceptions to the keep-it-short rule. One is library research, where there is enough change of pace to keep you alert for at least several hours. The other exception is writing a paper. Start writing, and do not stop until you are at least a few pages into the first draft. Stop when you run out of steam.
14. Be aware of attitudes. If you believe a subject is difficult or boring, it probably will be. We remember what we find interesting. Remember, everything is related to everything else--look for connections.
15. Choose what not to store in memory. Decide what is essential to remember from an assignment or lecture. Extract the core concepts. Ask what you will be tested on as well as what you want to remember, then apply memory techniques to those ideas.
16. Combine memory techniques. Memory techniques work better in combination with each other. Choose two or three techniques to use on a particular assignment. Experiment: combine sight, sound, and touch when you study.
Recall It
17. Remember something else. When you are stuck and cannot remember something you know, remember something else that is related to it. If you cannot recall specific facts, remember the example the instructor used during the lecture. Brainstorming is a good memory jog. When you are stumped in a test, start writing down lots of answers to related questions. The answer you need is likely to appear.
18. Notice when you do remember. Notice when you recall information easily and ask yourself what memory techniques you are using naturally. Also notice when it is difficult to recall information. Adjust your learning techniques as needed.
19. Use it before you lose it . To remember something, access it a lot: read it, write it, speak it, listen to it, apply it. Find ways to make contact with the material regularly. Study groups are especially effective because they allow you to teach the material. Explaining it to other students helps you focus your attention.
20. Remember, you never forget. Adopt an attitude that says, "I never forget anything, although I may have difficulty recalling something from my memory. All I have to do is find where I stored it." Positive thinking works!
